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Photography basics The first unit: the application of training in the basic functions of the camera.  Training 1, panoramic depth practice Photographed objects: general scenery, flowers, urban construction and other impact strong interest. Requirements: screen all the real focus. Recommendation: the first use of wide-angle lens: 24MM-35MM film, aperture: F11-16, Aperture Priority AE mode.   Training 2, single-focus exercises Requirements: only focus on main Pishe Ti, the shallow depth of field. Recommendation: the telephoto lens: 85MM above, aperture F5.6 or larger. Aperture Priority AE mode.   Training, three set-piece practice Photographed objects: sports items, walking with a car, train, flowing water, waterfalls and so on. Requirements: will be fierce a moving moment of action or instant Pishe Ti expressions recorded. Recommendation: high-speed shutter 1 / 1000 seconds or more, shutter speed priority AE mode.   Training 4, dynamic exercise Photographed objects: sports items, dynamic people, flowing water, waterfalls and so on. Requirements: Athletes and dynamic part of the human body or a moving body of virtual real, imaginary background. Flowing water, waterfalls and so there is a sense of flow lines. Recommendation: Slow Shutter 1 / 15 seconds -11 seconds. Start with 1 / 30 seconds to start practicing, and then 1 / 15, 1 / 8, 1 / 4, 1 / 2, 1 second paragraph by paragraph exercises. Use a tripod.   Training 5, shooting practice Requirements: prominent theme, concise picture can convey the atmosphere of the scene being proactive. Recommendation: a telephoto lens, large aperture.  Training, 6, close-up exercises Beishe Ti: flowers, still life, and insects. Requirements: Pi Sheti accounted for the largest possible proportion of the screen, highlighting Pishe Ti shape and interesting part, high-definition. Recommendation: Use macro close-up lens or macro functions and then circle, the shortest distance photographic lens to keep parallel with the Pishe Ti. Use a tripod and shutter cable. Training 7, various focal length lens (the lens of various focal lengths) and the use of practice   Using a variety of focal length lens (the lens of various focal lengths) for shooting practice, to learn about the characteristics of the lens at all focal length, understanding the relationship between picture angle and perspective, Utilize the different paragraphs of focus depth of field. Standard Lens: 50MM focal length lens around - very natural and not exaggerated. Wide-angle lens: the lens focal length less than 35MM - emphasize distance feeling. Telescope head: 85MM ~ 135MM focal length lens - and the closest to the human eye perspective (proximity) a sense of Pi Sheti correctly reflect the shape of Are used for portrait photography. A telephoto lens: focal length of more than 200MM lenses - very little sense of distance, there is compression. (Easy to shake, to make use of a tripod) Second unit: frame structure and composition training, digital cameras   Exercise 8, horizontal, vertical-bit composition Beishe Ti: scenery, mountains and rivers, buildings, people and so on. Requirements: with transverse stability and a sense of composition and performance of a broad sense, with the performance of Zongshen Gan vertical position and height of a sense of composition, not whether to use the screen space. Recommendation: 1, respectively for the same Pi Sheti horizontal, vertical shoot digital mapping method to compare different work experience. 2, transverse stability, a sense of composition performance over the use of the standard focus lens, the performance of a broad sense of the use of wide-angle lens. 3, vertical-bit performance Zongshen Gan and high sense of composition to use wide-angle lens, pay attention to the screen in close-range vision of the location and configuration. 4, composition should pay special attention to horizontal and vertical, use a tripod.  Exercise 9, triangular composition Beishe Ti: triangle triangle or a similar landscape, architecture, modeling and so on. Requirements: the use of triangles in different positions on the screen configuration, the performance of a sense of stability, Yue dynamic, highly flu and the wide sense. Recommendation: 1, there are easily identifiable screen triangle shape, a triangle composed of complex objects, the focus to be implemented, there must be sense of balance. 2, tall and slender high-rise buildings and roads of the scene following the use of 20MM wide-angle lens. 3, using depth of field prediction.   Exercise 10, symmetrical shape composition Beishe Ti: all with a symmetrical composition of the scenes in nature, character modeling and architecture. Requirements: the use of the upper and lower symmetrical composition, showing a sense of stability and ultra-realistic mood. Recommendation: 1, choose a beautiful symmetrical shape, symmetric shape of both sides of the focus should be practical, the performance of each symmetrical shape to be a visible. 2, as the focus of the above using a standard lens, the use of optical angle lens should pay attention to keep the camera parallel with the Pishe Ti. 3, shooting the shore with the water, the use of symmetrical composition scene polarizer, 4, perfection had to use a small aperture depth of field to use a tripod.   Exercise 11, vertical, horizontal composition Beishe Ti: landscape, architecture and so on. Requirements: screen performance is monitored by a number of lines consisting of parallel or perpendicular to the United States alone. Recommendation: Screen composition to maintain horizontal or vertical lines, lines to the United States, horizontal or vertical lines to be filled with full-screen form. Use a tripod   Exercise 12, S-shaped, diagonal composition Be proactive to mention: with S-shaped or diagonal composition of roads, rivers, mountains, bridges and roads within the city, etc.. Requirements: Zongshen Gan with the performance of S-shaped, with a slash outreach performance of the broad sense and movement. S-shaped to be accessible at both ends of the screen, half-way cut off, then have a space in front of composition. Recommends: S-shaped and have a diagonal configuration of balance, feeling carefully whether there is Zongshen Gan works and a broad sense Beishe Ti is clear. To highlight the theme.   Exercise 13, Golden Section composition Photo by mentioning are: any can be. Requirements: The performance of the main points to be at the split, online or near the composition to balance. Beishe Ti is necessary to highlight. Screen can not have the excess part of the many. Recommendations: First, according to their own idea of composition, and then utilize the golden section method. 3rd unit: light training [1].   Exercise 14, daylight flash exposure compensation Beishe Ti: people, flowers, pets, small-scale natural landscapes, still lifes and other close small-scale features. Requirements: When the above Beishe Ti in backlighting, side backlighting and ambient light is stronger than in the daytime Beishe Ti Bei Sheti or when the use of shadows. Recommendation: 1, with flash sync speed metering (average metering) to obtain aperture value, and then use the flash's index divided by the aperture is worth to the shooting distance, you can get exposure and accurate photos. For example: the camera's flash synchronization is 1 / 125 second, with the camera's automatic metering obtained F = 16, flash index (GN) is 40, that is, 40? 6 (F) = 2.5M, when the shooting distance of 2.5 meters. 2, are known to flash index (GN) and distance seeking aperture (F) when using flash index obtained by dividing the distance from aperture (F). Namely: GN? # 36317; from = F.   Exercise 15, using three-dimensional works embody a sense of flash Beishe Ti: people, flowers, pets, still life and so on. Requirements: Use an external flash and use to connect to make flash from the camera, from above or behind the cast oblique light manufacturing three-dimensional feeling, you can also put into the ceiling or the use of reflectors create soft refraction, specific methods and the direction of light cast by its own intentions specific arrangements. However, to avoid heavy shadows. Recommendation: where possible try to cast light a variety of ways, and exposure compensation produced by the three-dimensional feel.   Exercise 16, indoor and night photography lighting Beishe Ti: indoor lighting assemblies and city lights and the night scene. Requirements: the use of color temperature in indoor and night-lamp manufacturing the naked eye can not see the unique (reddening) atmosphere. Recommendation: The light inside the screen layout as even as possible, preferably without a strong light source near the lens, and can not have light shone into the lens, use a tripod when shooting still life, snap is best to use ISO400 film. If you want to be faithful to the works of color, use the 80A filter color temperature correction. Exposure can not have too. Reference: Color Temperature: sun sunny day = 5500K, sun Cloudy = 6500K, sooner or later = 4500K, general lighting = 2800K.   Exercise 17, sunrise, sunset, night view Beishe Ti: sunrise, sunset under the mountains, coastline, natural scenery and night. Requirements: To fully embody the atmosphere of day and night, night day and night of the Xuan reproduction It come’s form http://myaigo.info/’s blog.

What is MP5? 

MP5 is short for MPEG Layer 5, which is developed by technology companies on their own algorithms. 

The MP5 is a kind of music, sound file formats, it is actually will be able to be a complete wav, mp3 or cda sound files through MP5's compression technology, resulting in compression ratio is around 1:10 of music audio files. 

Everyone should know the dog's ears can hear the sound of distant trains, or in every other street on the other dogs bark outside the sound, but mankind can not be heard, this is because people's ears and the dog's ear difference is that the dog ears to hear frequencies higher than a man's voice. 

Generally sound, songs included in addition to the human audible frequency, there are also human beings inaudible. 

The human hearing has its inherent limitations. 

In general, the human ear to detect sound signals without, there are two, one high or low frequencies, the second is to strengthen the weak signal-off music, if the voices in the ears of these people not see or can not perceive the signal filter In addition, can significantly reduce the digital audio post-needed storage space. 

The MP5 is a pre-compression algorithms for the user to filter out the voices of those unable to perceive and will greatly reduce the digital audio post-needed storage space. 

MP5 compression algorithms to deal with the music, are a special kind of compression method, but also because of this, in order to achieve high compression ratio purposes. 

The use of this particular compression result is to restore the sound will unavoidably result in some distortion, but distortion is acceptable in the human ear within the scope, but the compression ratio is too increased, the resulting distortion will be greater. 

The MP5 compression technology is to the human ear can not hear the sound frequencies to fade in order to achieve compression purposes. 

Therefore, some parts of the original sound was lost, and the sound file size has been reduced and therefore, this is the principle of compression technology MP5. 

MP5 uses a special compression technology, so that we still do not come easy to detect, because it's compressed to sound like the same has not been compressed. 

MP5 to wav, mp3 or cda songs compressed into a short and easy to manage music files, without damage to the premise of sound quality, a 40-megabyte WAV music files can be compressed into four megabytes of MP5 songs; one only that can store more than a dozen songs of the CD disc that can store more than 100 in the first MP5 digital music and MP3 music, sound quality is almost no difference. 

In the past, through the Internet to download a full song is not a realistic idea, because the range of music file formats and its huge size, amassing hinder digital music on the Internet transmission. 

But with the advent of MP5 format, download the songs is no longer a common need for a half an hour easily, but only a short 23 minutes. 

MP5 advantages Not only that, after the compressed music sound better than MP3 player sound quality worse. 

MP5 use of "special compression algorithm," filter out humans can not hear the voice to get more storage space, so as to MP5 technology, compressed music, strictly speaking, should be somewhat less than the MP3, but so that the listener can not detect only. 

3iMP5 compression ratio list 

MP5 advantage of quite a lot of music files, because the file size small, so better take advantage of the network traffic. 

MP5 pure digital and pure information on the portability of computers, music, information, divisibility is also a traditional CD and forget the dust Mok's. 

Basically, the use of traditional CD will find some problems. 

For example, a CD of them only like a few songs, but must go along with the other songs do not like the merger to buy, not only a waste of money, and instant replay when they enjoy causing distress. 

With the help of MP5 music files, users can produce their own music compilations, MP5, its convenience is also a traditional CD does not have. 

MP5 alone mode of transmission, the use of the MP5 portable playback device to playback music files, digital music player mode, operate than a traditional CD player easier, not only the selections faster than the CD, nor need to fear because the vibration caused Jumper because it is purely digital, so less power than the CD, but the volume than the CD can also be smaller, lighter. 

MP5 single-chip 

MP5-chip products are its characteristics and functions towards the integration of two single-chip and multi-direction. 

MP5 is a new integrated single-chip micro-controller (including microprocessors), digital encoders, decoders, digital-analog converters, USB1.1 flash memory and other functions of the system, a single chip, which will also be programmable The decoding function and the copyright protection technology into the chip. 

In the multi-sexual, MP5 single-chip for digital music playback features, combining it with other audio, communications, information product features on the chip, such as: digital voice recording, stereo dual-channel record, playback, FM / AM radio. 

In addition to the features and functionality, low power, small-scale size, download fast and so is dealing with a single-chip to the focus of MP5. 

MP5 single chip most of an open platform design, that is, with the microprocessor chip itself, but also provides the art itself, the development of high-compression format, MP5, as well as copyright protection technologies to carry out programmable decoder design, it can acquire a variety of compressed format decoding and copyright protection mechanisms.

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Digital Photography Notes Sometimes we use the digital camera photos too dark or light, photographs, hair gray; or the overall results are poor, not meet their own request. So, how can illuminate an ideal photo? Should pay attention to these points: First, note that the basic settings of digital cameras      Buy a digital camera, the first carefully read the instructions, figure out basic functions. Themselves to study and master figure out settings, than to take a camera to shoot muddleheaded good effect, is more solid than asking someone else, you can perform more efficiently. Now digital cameras, a number of important properties can be set to smart, or automatically detected. For example, aigo digital cameras do pretty well. Second, to observe the light photography      Camera, the light is particularly important, light is the soul of photography. Beginners can use the light direction Shun Chiu, rather than reversed light line to the photographs, backlighting photography, if handled badly, can easily result in inadequate lighting of the main figure or landscape, there contour. Side light according to the best way to go, that is, from the subjects according to the light side. This light well and generally use this light. If there is strong sunlight, in order to reduce the contrast can be flash or reflectors illuminate the dark face of the department, in order to avoid "Yin Yang face" phenomenon. Direct exposure from man's head light, called the top-light, try to avoid when taking pictures because the rays of the sun will illuminate the face and black people. Cloudy light is called astigmatism, which do not form a shadow of light that lights up the picture be a lack of three-dimensional feeling. Third, pay attention to shooting angle, the direction finder               Technical terms is called the photographic composition. For instance, we shooting people or landscape, they all like to think of the most beautiful scenery, or person to see the best side shoot. Think before shooting a look, do a simple screen layout will be taken by a proper arrangement of things on the appropriate location on the screen to make it constitute a coordinated, the perfect picture, people seem unacceptable and uncomfortable. The basic composition methods are:       1. The center of composition method. What is photo central location? For example: put a white paper, according to the golden section method (based on the ratio of length and width ratio of 0.618) to # shape segmentation, the main difference on the four intersection points: the main body of their own to be shot on camera The central location, that is the focus of the camera cross up photographs.       2. Lateral triangle mapping method. Side of the triangle according to the placement of the three main angle is the most appropriate. Such as shooting still life: 3 potted plant placed in a line went to shoot does not seem flexible; two potted plant is near a front, a partial to the latter, they are farther away from the third potted, such arrangement is in accordance with the laws of a side of triangular arrangements , so that in line with the principles of flexible and diverse. In one direction and then consider where the best results shooting landscapes or figures, the front or side, far or shooting close-up, take real or imaginary scene, global or local, the figure or landscape bright spot, the most beat up on the mirror effect . 4, pay attention to posture and motion capture       Must predict with confidence the camera with both hands, if the hand a little flash, take out is a virtual shadow; also spotted taking pictures of the target, do not let it leave your sight. A good grasp of the surrounding environment, do not let things suddenly came at a time when you press the shutter broke into the lens, the moment and came back with nothing. The time necessary to grasp an accurate shot, do not miss the exciting moments; another, they are physically move followed the subject! This of course refers to the shooting sports objects, let your vision, the camera lens, at the same time follow the subjects to go, otherwise excellent camera will be missed. In addition, the activities subject to Dingsi feel that wonderful moment of dawn, immediately press the shutter; because digital cameras have taken a few seconds time delay faults. The fourth is a timely examination taken effect trade-offs. After finishing just quickly take a look at the success of the filming! Digital cameras have this advantage, readily available from the LCD screen on the observation of shooting success, effectiveness, no, you can delete it all over again, immediately Bupai a shot, otherwise, over this time could not find such a good scene of the. 5，Pay attention to the method of shooting       1, pendulum shoot France: general according to their own preferences, design the location of persons or goods, after everyone had struck a shot. This is the most commonly used method.       2, snap Law: If you shoot weddings, festivals and other scenes, it is impossible to make people look to you to put on a photo, which use the quick snapshot method requires that the prevailing light conditions, adjusting the shutter, aperture, if there is wonderful the scene immediately click the shutter, snap off, leaving behind wonderful memories.       3, photographed Law: This is a shot without the knowledge of an object under the snapshot approach. Photographed with the authenticity, but the videotaping requires careful observation, patience, a keen reflection. 6, seize the key       Novice photographer to see scenes on the shoot, the results of photo washing out, often results in general. In fact, in order to highlight the theme, the picture has nothing to do with the theme of the better things cut. As the saying goes, "photography is a subtraction, painting is the addition," the film highlights the slightly larger, more nothing to do with a number of things as little as possible, smaller. But the photography to a certain level, in order to express a certain theme, photography is a need to increase the content of the screen, and this is not a subtraction but the addition of the. You are not beginners, but probably Fans of a professional. Then you pick up a digital camera to try. You can buy www.aigostyle.com practical digital camera.This blog comes form http://myaigo.info/.

Mobile Power What is this? 1, concepts: Mobile Power, also known as "plug-in battery," "external battery," "back-up battery," "Digital charge partner", also have their own personalized product name from "mobile phone lovers," the concept of portable power with the current the popularity of digital products and rapid growth in developed, and its definition is a convenient easy to carry large-capacity portable power supply. Growing diversity of the current digital product features, use was also more frequent, how to improve the use of digital products the time to play its most important function of the problem highlighted important. Mobile power, that is targeted and the best solution to solve this problem. Has a power supply, we can move anywhere in the state to provide electrical power for a variety of digital products (electricity, or charge). 2, features: mobility, versatility, Mobile power mobility refers to the product in the mobile state (such as travel, meetings, charger is not around or inconvenient recharge conditions) to play its role, that is anywhere, anytime without limitation to power or charge for digital products and truly give a practical sense, so that the quality of life and work can be improved. The universal mobile power products can mean for the widest range of digital products. Namely, portable power to mobile phones, MP3, MP4, PDA, PSP, Bluetooth headsets, digital cameras, CD players, video machines, digital cameras, portable DVD, portable computers and other digital products and services. In fact, not only that, mobile power through the usb cable can be used in any eligible USB On-the-Go (USB-OTG) of the portable device (usb lamp, usb eye massager, usb electric coffee maker, etc., etc.), the The most convenient as a mobile power supply. 3, use: Mobile power is usually designed for lightweight, compact, easy to carry, to facilitate mobile use. Charger for portable power, after fully charged (typically design full time for 3-5 hours), with the appropriate connector to connect your digital devices or directly with the usb cable to connect USB On-the-Go (USB-OTG) portable type equipment, mobile power switch after auto-detection or simple start to your digital devices, power or recharge. 4 Notes The use of mobile power products, need to pay attention to two issues, one, mobile power supply output voltage must be within 5.3 ± 0.5V, unless to some brands charge their cell phones; 2, transit connectors must match, mobile power products, The principle is used to connect via USB cable to charge digital devices, connect one end of cable with a USB interface to connect mobile power products, while the other end of the digital equipment, so the other side of the interface must be consistent with the interface of digital devices, or can not be charged.Articles from the http://myaigo.info/If you want to know more, you can login : http://andrealife.info/

How to improve the mouse sensitivity If it is optical mouse, then there are two ways to enhance his sensitivity: (1) optical mouse apart, the positioning of the optical mouse optical components (that is, that luminous Dongdong) a cigarette filter in the filter cotton gently wipe a certain degree to do with. (2) the replacement of a mouse pad, it is recommended to use coarse glass or light rat-specific mouse pad, if the money so you can buy a CS-specific mouse pad. (Note that the optical mouse with a computer cable must not be over-squeeze, that would result in poor transmission will also affect the speed.) If the wheel, you can try will be sitting at the end of the mouse wheel removed to clean the surface of the wheel, in contact with the wheel roller to clean and will continue to clean the surface dirt can improve sensitivity. Open the mouse cover (there are two structures: the edge card screws or tongue), and inserts the case back bowls, a total of three rollers, carefully clean (clay, fiber, etc.), toggle and flexible, you can of the . In addition, two of them with a tooth, is facing the laser beam passing through them to see Do not touch shape. Every month or every other weeks of the mouse you can clean up on a regular basis to keep it smooth and fluid movement. USB interface, the mouse on the CPU occupancy ratio PS / 2 mouse interface, large (when the system CPU-relatively large, the mouse makes you feel it a bit unstable). But you can use the following steps to adjust the performance of USB mouse. Right-click My Computer → Properties → Device Manager (in Windows 2000, we must first select the "hardware" tab). In the Device Manager find the "Universal Serial Bus Control", and then select the bottom USB Root Hub devices, such as VIA Tech 3038 PCI to USB Universal Host Controller. Open it and then select the "Advanced" and will "Disable USB error detection" box in front of Da Shanggou finally restart the system on it. This can significantly improve the USB mouse and other USB devices on the system response sensitivity.Articles from the http://myaigo.info/

What is a Digital Photo Frame? (1) Digital photo frame to showcase digital photos instead of paper photo frames. Digital photography inevitably promote the development of the digital photo frame because the world of digital photo printing less than 35%. Digital photo frame is usually a direct plug in the camera's memory card shows pictures, of course, digital photo frame will provide more internal storage space in order to access external memory card function. (2) Digital Photo Frame is a frame, but it is no longer used to show the way into the photo, but through a liquid crystal screen display, it can interface from the SD card reader, U disk, CF Card (Some models support this function) and other medium to obtain photos, and set the cycle show the way the frame is more flexible than ordinary variable, but also to the increasing use of digital photos is now a new exhibition space. In short, the digital photo frame is the viewing and sharing digital photos of special equipment. (3) digital photo frame can directly display digital photos without printing out the photo and then display a new frame. (4) It uses the traditional common frame of the frame shape, the traditional common frame in the middle part of the photo replaced by liquid crystal displays, coupled with power supply, storage media and other components can directly display digital photos, while at the same frame within the circle shows a different picture to the growing number of digital photos and pictures of people prefer to provide a better platform for photo display and space. (5) digital photo frame looks like the shape and the traditional ordinary frame (of course, also in size and style as with the traditional ordinary frame can be varied choice), but unlike the traditional ordinary digital photo frame photo frame digital photo printing, as the need to come out and loaded into frames on display, but through direct plug in the camera's memory card or digital photos copying it directly to the digital photo frame memory can be immediately displayed in the frame inside, and it can store and display hundreds of or even thousands of photos. (6) Digital Photo Frame there are multi-functional, it can show digital photos apart from outside can also play MP3/MP4 / slides pictures, film / video / TV, you can also read e-books, set alarm clock and calendar and even download the photos network browse web pages; different types of electronic photo frame available for the different needs ofpeople with more choices. You can be found at the following site, digital photo frame products：

http://www.aigostyle.com/

From http://myaigo.info/'s blog

Cisco certification and eliminating
  1. Q: say Cisco certification is a valuable, any value? A: The web application has spread to every corner of the world. In order to ensure a reasonable network design, implementation and maintenance, require large amounts of network technicians. How should we measure the technical staff level? To this end the company has launched a certification program. www.test99.c as the world's largest supplier of ---- Cisco networking products company, launched in 1993, billed as the world's most valuable certification ---- Cisco career certification program. One reason is that the value of Cisco networking products most widely used, partly because of its certification program a comprehensive, practical, standards and authority of the technical content of the certification program by no means limited to Cisco networking products, thereby gaining the most extensive and with general approval.
2. Q: Why does everyone from the CCNA to start? A: Let us look at the Cisco career certification program certification in two ways:
1, after-sales engineer certification, also known as network support categories, including CCNA -> CCNP -> CCIE three kinds of certificates. www.test99. 2, pre-sales engineer certification, also known as network design categories, including CCDA -> CCNA -> CCDP three kinds of certificates. www.test99.co these two channels, after-sales engineers, certification requirements and applications become more popular. At the same time, both want to get CCNP or CCDP certification, the premise is the first to obtain CCNA certification. While access to CCIE certification is not required to obtain CCNP certification, but the CCIE exam is extremely difficult, the costs are very high, so most people are actually taking CCNA -> CCNP, further consider the final sprint CCIE.
As can be seen, CCNA is to obtain Cisco certification.
3. Q: What can brief you on how to obtain the Cisco Certified do? A: Now, obtain a Cisco certification There are two main ways: one is self-taught, and then take the exam; the other is to participate in training, and then obtain a certificate examinations.
Through self-study, and then obtain a certificate exams, requiring a certain degree of technical base or technical background, but also has a strong self-learning ability. Shortcomings of this approach is: there is no experimental opportunities, ability to make yourself strong, it is difficult competent practical work. In addition, the self-study can not be systematically, comprehensively and quickly improve their skillsCisco 642-642. So we can find a better way to still attend the training.
4. Q: How to choose training center?
A: Cisco now offers a lot of training in training centers, but at varied levels, the choice of training centers, when do have to be careful, the key is to choose their own training center.
Cisco career certification program of training are senior professional training, strength training centers, teachers, laboratory equipment requirements are relatively high. Required in the standard course time (usually 5 Tianyi course) very well done teaching, teachers have very high teaching experience and ability, at least two set of test equipment.
The recent period, the market's increased demand for CCNA certification, leading to many companies set up Cisco training courses. Some training centers cheap to buy some other companies out of old equipment, many of which Cisco equipment companies have stopped production, there is no guarantee of quality, and some experiments I could do. Some companies do not have full-time teachers, teaching hours from other companies to employ temporary teachers, the quality of teaching is not guaranteed.
So, since everyone to participate in training, the choice of training centers, they must be careful to not only look at price, more importantly, teachers, laboratory equipment, environment, management and other factors.
5. Q: I have the ability to participate in Cisco CCNA training and certification do?

A: Cisco's CCNA curricula, it is quite simple. But it also requires a certain basic knowledge, such as the basics of networking, such as: ISO's OSI reference model for the understanding, TCP / IP protocols. If we do not have confidence on the basis of their own, can go to Galaxy training center, the communication with teachers and to test, so you'll have at the end of the.
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CCNA Exam combat skills
The most common test to the examination center:
(A) OSI seven-story structure system: it is necessary to know the role of each layer, a variety of applications, as well as all belonging to that level when the data flow through each layer (from top to bottom, bottom-up) plus HERDER and unpacking of .
(B) Frame Relay (FRAMERELAY) Application: CCNA certification exam as the Frame Relay Wide Area Network (WAN) part of the test content. You will encounter a large number of the test are the contents of frame relay. Therefore, you must be prepared to pay particular attention to the frame relay learning.
(3) ISDN issues: to know, such as TE-1, TE-2, NT-1, U interface (U-INTERFACE), B-CHANNAL, D-CHANNAL and a number of sub-channel (SUB-CHANNAL) and other terms (ISDN related to a particularly large number of terms and abbreviations, you must know the meaning and function of each), to understand the difference between BRI and PRI.
(D) clear AccessList: Learn DenyAccesslist of the inflow and outflow data flow constraints, the implied meaning of a clear DENYALL. Able to skillfully set limits by the subnet mask of the sub-network users.
(5) Ethernet switching: Familiar with Ethernet switch and exchange theory to understand the network sub-domains of conflict theory and VLAN.
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IT certification of sentiment: the certificate and ability in the end who is more important?
Certification is very important? Some say: "That, of course, is not how to prove their level of certification?" Others say: "not necessarily the actual capacity of the most important."
Both answers are probably right, but incomplete. On this topic, I would talk about according to their own learning experiences and understanding of the views of the certification, for your reference:
1, the certificate of true and false
Broadly speaking, at this stage of employment, the certificate is still important, the certificate is the ability to abstract reflection of the learning process and results proved that without the certificate, you can not prove that! Maybe you really are strong, no matter how good you say , others my heart I will not see you too, Just think, one holding a high school graduation certificate and a master's degree candidates graduate student to work with a technology-based, others more fancy Who? certificate must exist a certain historical period , we can not deny the importance of the certificate, as the same as university diplomas issued by the State Education Commission.
Certification is narrow, such as network technologies such as professional certification such as MCSE, CCIE, CCNP, etc., we must be clear what brought about such a certification, what? From the firm's point of view, is undoubtedly of interest to maximize the introduction of Networking Academy, training, certification bodies, the most basic intention of these strategies is to simply promote the visibility of their products and expand market size, when they come out from the university college students who served as XX in the XX business office, business, once there is demand, his first thought was XX vendor network products (of course, rule out other external factors, complete departure from the individual's original idea), he became the most powerful factory sales. Up from a personal point of view is that no doubt would like to improve their technical level, while increasing income to improve their living conditions for themselves to find a satisfactory job! Revenue base, naturally do not have to say much more. However, our technology is to improve it? On the surface, yes! You say that CCIE and CCNA, which enhanced technical capabilities? Needless to say: CCIE! But the CCIE network technology is really an expert? I see not, especially now, the examination of water I do not have to say, we all know. As long as the network technology have a certain interest in the same time, the people will be willing to spend IE! Our company had a brother, I took the test three times, only narrowly passed, it took two to three thousand dollars, even more unfortunately, are getting the dream of a certificate of employment on the road is not so bon voyage. The most important thing is do not forget, we are on the application of network technology, not development, is to put other people's ideas by practical application of the physical environment go! You heard, driving F-22 pilots flying specialists? Maybe he is the future, but as long to open the aircraft, there is no person that he is an expert. Most people who go into space called the astronauts. Designed by others a knock on the side of the command to re-engineer, at most, to know the structure and forwarding packets principle one could call specialists? Some far-fetched. Cisco 642-436
At the same time, the network application is from a single business model to a multi-business model to expand, has just passed Routing & Switching CCIE's brother
Brother, do you understand speech? Do you understand the media? Do you understand safe? You know Unix, Linux, Oracle do? Do not know!, But users have such a demand, how should I do? Learn 呀. Do not think they have been practicing to the highest state of network technology, we need to learn many things in too much.
2, capacity is the most important
On this topic, I can give an example to explain that in 2000 I passed the HCSE, but to get the certificate the first 6 days, I went to do a special CISCO systems integrator, to work the first day, to the company's bench has not yet firmly secured, the boss sent me sent to a company, said it was exactly one item, very anxious to be resolved quickly. I am also a person to go. Really, really do not mind the end of that time, the heart speak, is over, not even familiar with the products, no chance! That's no way Yeah, bite the bullet and boarded the plane.
Who knows to which see, I dumbfounded, almost no paralysis continues, routers, switches, self-suffice it to say, there are seven sets PIX firewall, a lot of wireless AP, IP phone, what is there ... .... Do not say these things I've seen have not even heard of hearing. How to do this time? Tell customers that I Gaobu Ding? Called the boss that I learned just routing switching, the other could not find? Can you? Can not. So what do, do it! I have a little calm and a bit and become a deep breath and began to examine the user the current network conditions, ask customer demand, which know the trouble is still behind the demand of customers is simply too much: the headquarters and other Division through firewalls VPN, through the GRE tunnel using the OSPF routing protocol to achieve dynamic routing at the same time to enable IPsec to encrypt data, wireless AP on the division of VLAN, IP phones and PSTN interworking ... ... I Kuangyun!
I carefully write notes to the existing network equipment configuration Copy down the new device model, name written down. Back to the hotel looked just write something really very complicated, finally sorted out the structured. But time is pressing, I can not neglect, drill into the interconnect line, crazy look for materials, to find documents, in conjunction with their theoretical knowledge, sorting out the project implementation plan! Behind the things that is not to say, the natural hardships and difficulty, in the not solve the problem, I always sky nonsense, but always saved the day. Half a month later, the project finally completed! Customer satisfaction survey form filled out is: very satisfied. Acceptance of course, no problem (of course also have my Huyou effort, ha ha), but I have physically and mentally exhausted, I am thin. To get acceptance in the report, I was lying in bed in the hotel a myriad of thoughts: I have the certification exam brought me what? An easy? No, just a learning opportunity.
Said here, some would say: If you do not have the certificate, others do not give you the opportunity to learn! Yes, but it is also precisely that question: the certificate is only recruited to work in your work the moment, other times worthless! certification exam that manufacturers not important, it is important you do not really understand the technology, can solve the problem.
Today I have learned a lot of things other than certification. In addition, the network technology is moving towards international standardization, each device manufacturers must comply with these standards! So for us to seriously study the technology is the most important of these standards, rather than blindly pursuing the vendor certification .
For access to a manufacturer-certified engineers, you can not exclude other manufacturers of equipment, for example, you are xx-certified engineer, if you are CISCO network equipment such as a world-class manufacturing things will not use, would not be too sorry it? If you are a CISCO certified engineer, much less supercilious.
Another point worthy of our attention has been the proliferation of network technology certification, many college graduates have gotten into the certified tide of years, is bound to result in supply exceeding demand in one day, so many people crowded into a corridor go rush of a share, then we have a value? So, I advise those brothers and sisters in computer science, network technology, certification of other professional people that there should be considered a shortcut, but not necessarily for you, and should strengthen the basic knowledge of learning, improve thinking, such as learning the language as far as possible to engage in the development, can not go to test, what kind of certification is needed. The pressure of employment, a positive hit our generation, those who wanted to test certification exam has not yet, or are being test, and ask you to consider carefully, certification, after he was in the end give you what?

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CiscoCertifiedDesignAssociate

Certification of basic skills
CCDA certified personal networks of primary level of design technology. CCDA who pass the exam receive certification and can be caught using business cards CCDA tag.
CCDA is divided into a chunk:
★ routing and switching Pass4sure 640-821
In order to help examinees prepare for the exam, Cisco Partners in Learning provides the following services:
• Instructor lectures and online training
• Online Forum
• via the Internet, a remote laboratory experiments practical ability to improve other information can be found in the Cisco Learning bookstores.
Note: You can directly participate in CCDA certification examination and obtain a certificate
CCDA Certification Benefits
To sum up, Cisco certification can confirm the level of the certificate holder, by certified high level of expertise to enhance the credibility of their professional authority. CCDA certification is mainly to meet the less than 500 nodes in a simple SOHO market needs and have a simple LAN, routed WAN, switched LAN network of medium-sized companies need to design knowledge.
CCDA professional skills
• decided to customer network implementation, security, capacity and scalability requirements
• designed to meet customer demand network architecture
• the advantages of the design to meet customer needs
• develop and test a prototype network in order to ensure that the design and provide convincing evidence of customer satisfaction
CCDA positions include:
• Primary Network Design Engineer
• Junior System Engineer
• Cisco's sales channel partners, senior sales representative
The road leading to CCDA Certification
1. Meet the prerequisite for the Cisco Certified Network Design (DCN) is designed to prepare candidates for the CCDA teaching materials. Courses can be found in the study site, description, and curriculum objectives.
2. Determine your learning needs necessary for the study and a prerequisite for DCN
3. Self-study and lay the basis for studying the site in bookstores to buy Cisco Learning Connection Cisco Training CD (ITM CD), to be familiar with terminology, protocols and equipment
4. Online training and instructor training to develop skills to understand instruction DCN's online training and mentoring classes, and to choose your method of teaching can be found in the study site to be a Cisco Learning Partner-related services
5. DCN exam to participate in the site can be found in the relevant certification exam information, you can register online to participate in a safe environment simulation test. Elderly persons who pass the exam receive CCDA certificate and be able to use business cards CCDA tag. If you want to know more about , you can login :

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CCNA Certification Introduction
CCNA certification is the Cisco certification system in the most elementary certification at the same time it is to obtain CCNP certification, CCDP, and CCSP certification certification a necessary condition for (CCIP Certification, CCIE certification is not mandatory), and many Cisco professional certification (Cisco Qualified Specialist) is also to require candidates must first possess the CCNA certification.
After-sales engineers are Cisco Certified CCNA certification system entry certification, through the CCNA can prove you have mastered the basic knowledge of the network, and can the initial installation, configuration and operation of Cisco routers, switches, and simple LAN and WAN. CCNA certification that certified personnel have for the small office / home office (SOHO) market linkages that the basic technology and knowledge. CCNA certified professionals can be passed in small networks (100 or 100 nodes below) in installation, configuration and operation of LAN, WAN and dial access services. They can use the agreement include (but are not limited to): IP, IGRP, IPX, Serial, AppleTalk, Frame Relay, IP RIP, VLAN, RIP, Ethernet, Access Lists.
A prerequisite to obtain CCNA certification
Candidates do not need any certificate holder can apply for CCNA, candidates the same time, age, education, foreign language is not mandatory for the average water;
CCNA certification exams
Now take the exam there are two ways: one, to participate in the 640-801 CCNA exam; 2, to participate in the 640-821 INTRO and 640-811 ICND 2 exams; you can buy the materials at the following site: http://www.pass4sure.com/

CCNA certification is valid
CCNA certification is valid for three years, three years later required to attend re-certification (Recertification) examination, if you are in this two-year period to qualify as a higher level of Cisco certification, CCNA certification is valid for automatic updates.
CCNA Re-Certification Exam
After the expiry must attend 640-811 ICND exam, or participate in any one section CCNP, CCDP, CCIP, CCSP exam, and then, or participate in any of a Cisco Qualified Specialist Division prefix 642-XXX exam.
Comparison of MCSE and CCNA
First, briefly explain, MCSE and CCNA is a certification in both directions, there is no direct comparability between the two more complementary nature of knowledge.
From the basic requirements of view: CCNA study time is short
The most people, CCNA involved in the foundation of network knowledge and equipment, but also the support of CISCO equipment, learning cycle in about 1-3 months or so
MCSE daily use more approachable, and can be achieved most of its stand-alone certification exam requirements, the learning cycle of seven subjects for at least 3-6 months.
From the learning costs of view: CCNA low-cost
CCNA only involves an examination, the examination fee at 20 dollars, if the self-study, then, together with books and teaching materials cost no more than 30 U.S. dollars;
While there are seven exams MCSE, optical examination fees in respect of 45 U.S. dollars.
From the direction of view of employment: CCNA are highly specialized
CCNA employment direction system integration, network installation and maintenance and so on debugging.
MCSE suitable positions, there are system administrators, network administrators, and so on.
From the work content perspective: CCNA required hands-on capacity
CCNA is a simple CISCO based network equipment debugging and knowledge;
MCSE is for the Windows environment, network, system management, configuration, maintenance;
The general public, we recommend students for certification in terms of need, you can choose CCNA, time is short, quick, cost-effective.

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Cisco re-certification exam answers to frequently asked questions
1. What is the re-certification?
Re-certification is to pass the exam to confirm the certificate holder's skills updated. Through the re-certification exam, candidates will receive a new certificate, which in the Cisco Career Certifications Tracking System within the personal information will also be updated.
2. My certificate expired, the impact on my employer?
For some bosses, for instance, Cisco channel partners must meet the attendant has certified the number of limit. If its attendant certificate expired, the minimum amount can not be achieved. Your current or potential employer can verify that the certificate directly from the Cisco limitation.
3. The certificate is valid how long?
Associates and Professionals level of the certificate is valid for three years. CCIE and Specialization level is valid for two years. In the period after the certificate shall be null and void the certificate.
4. How do I know the certificate when it overdue?
At www.cisco.com / go / certifications of Cisco Career Certifications Tracking System within the query and update personal information. Select the left entry Tracking System, enter the registration section, type in registration ID and password.
5. If I have a Professional Certificate, Associate also need to update the certificates?
Do not need to. Professional as long as you maintain the validity of the certificate, your Associate certificate is equally valid.
6. If I was awarded a Certificate of Specialization, but also need to update the Professional certificates?
Yes. You must have a valid Professional Certificate, your Specialization certificate to be valid.
7. If my Professional certificate expired, I also Specialization certificate expire?
Yes. You must have a valid Professional Certificate, your Specialization certificate to be valid.
8. How do I know which version of the certificate is?
At www.cisco.com / go / certifications of Cisco Career Certifications Tracking System within the query and update personal information. Select the left entry Tracking System, enter the registration section, type in registration ID and password.
9.Cisco in my certificate is about to expire, granting alerts?
Yes. You will receive a year before the expiration date a few e-mails notices.
10.Cisco the use of e-mail What is this?
Cisco using the Cisco Career Certifications Tracking System records of personal information within the e-mail address.
11. How can I determine the Cisco sent to me by the correct information?
To maintain real-time nature of information is your own responsibility. At www.cisco.com / go / certifications of Cisco Career Certifications Tracking System within the query and update personal information. Select the left entry Tracking System, enter the registration section, type in registration ID and password.
12. If I miss the deadline for re-certification, Cisco can be given an extension do?
Cisco did not give them an extension.
13. What are the benefits of re-certification?
Cisco Career Certifications can effectively demonstrate personal competence. In the fast-growing Internet economy era, for IT professionals and their employer, the re-certification will prove that the certificate holder of technology, up to date.
14. Re-certification of the targets?
If the certificate holder to maintain the effectiveness of the certificate, it must be re-certified. Certificate holder wishes to obtain a higher level of certification is also required to attend re-certification to enable the original certificate is valid. For example, false if you want to enroll in CCNP exam, you must hold a valid CCNA certification.
15. If all of the certificates need to re-certification?
Not. Some re-certification will be automatically generated. For example, a person's CCNP certification has been re-certification, the CCNA certification also will be through the re-certification. That is why the Professional level through re-certification, all Associate-level also will be through the re-certification.
16. If the Professional certificate expires, then the Certificate of Specialization is also effective?
Specializaation validity of the certificate must be valid Professional Certificate as a precondition. If the Professional certificate is not valid, then its based on Specialization Certificate also will be null and void. Even if just been Specialization certificate, if the Professional certificate has expired, was awarded a Certificate of Specialization certificate shall be null and void.
17. Certificate expired on my impact?
You will no longer use the certificate or certification mark used on business cards. Once your certificate expires, you want to re-obtain the certificate, not a test can be resolved. You must test all over again, through that level all the required examinations.
18. How do I know the certificate has been overdue?
Cisco in the certificate holder's certificate expired one year before the person will be notified. Your current or potential employer can verify that the certificate directly from the Cisco limitation.
19. I would like to ensure that the timeliness of the certificate, whether to conduct a re-certification every three years, had to do?
Do not have to. In the Certification exam site, information on the latest numbers. If you pass the updated version of the exam, you have passed the level of re-certification. No. If the test does not change, you re-take and pass the certification exam does not change the validity of the certificate.
20. Where can participate in re-certification exam?
You can re-certification exams world-wide. Certification details please refer to the site.
21. I how to prepare re-certification exam?
Refer to the Certification exam site outline and learn the recommended related programs. We recommend that you learn to provide entry-based and tailor-made E-learning courses. You kan buy it form：http://www.steve-cisco-exam-review.org/
22. I have to agree to accept the other provisions?
Yes. Cisco Career Certifications terms would be up to date. You must agree to accept the updated terms. Certification can be found on the site.
23. I will sign when the new provisions?
When you sign up for the time. Cisco Career Certifications Tracking System will let you automatically accept the new provisions within the system. Certification landing site, www.cisco.com / go / certifications of Cisco Career Certifications Tracking System to query and update personal information. Select the left entry Tracking System, enter the registration section, type in registration ID and password. You must agree to accept the new terms and, through re-certification exam, your certificate can be updated.
24. Through the re-certification exam, I am going to have?
You will receive a new certificate and table cards, table cards shall indicate the updated certificate and its expiration date.
25. If I did not pass re-certification exam, how should I do?
The certificate is valid, you can again take the exam until the adoption.
26. If I did not pass the exam this time how to do?
Your certificate will be invalid. If you want to once again get the level of certification, you must re-test level-off.
27. Why did Cisco professional certification will be expired?
Restricted by terms of certification examinations and examination-anchored re-certification, Cisco will be the certificate holder does not meet the relevant standards, and to maintain their own technology and the times. Since 1997, the re-implementation of the CCIE certification, re-certification is the Cisco Career Certifications program. Today Associates, Professionals, and Specializations level should be re-certified. Re-certification system that restricts the validity of the certificate and make timely updates to ensure that the certificate and the rapid development of science and technology convergence.

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CCNA-Cisco Certified Network Engineer Q & A.
Q: CCNA certification mean?
A: It is the established Cisco partner for CISCO in terms of all of the required minimum level of technical support certification; CCNA certified engineers to install, configure and run a 1-500 scale of network nodes Cisco networking products.
Q: How do I get CCNA training and certification?
A: Participation by a Cisco Training Partner (Cisco Training Partner) offered by Cisco Routing and LAN Switching (CRLS) of the course and passed by the Sylvan test center management certification exam.
Q: CCNA is to become a Cisco Certified Partner required do?
Answer: Yes, CCNA is the Cisco to become a senior agent for the required three relatively independent training / certification projects. It is also a silver and gold dealer certification requirements of the basic items.
Q: If I have participated in the SupportPro training, then I will be able to automatically become CCNA do? 642-453
Answer: You can not. But you will be close to the Cisco Certified SuttortPro senior agent certification requirements.
Q: If I have participated in the SupportPro training, how to obtain CCNA certification?
A: You have seen on the CCNA certification requirements, so you can take from the Sylvan test center management certification exam.
Q: I think I have reached the ability to CCNA-level certification requirements. And I have participated in the basic configuration of Cisco routers (ICRC), as well as Cisco LAN Switch Configuration (CLSC) training courses. I also need to attend training courses CRLS do?
A: You only have to pass by the Sylvan test center management, CCNA certification exams. For any Cisco professional certification, if you already have the pass at the Sylvan test center performance reports, then you do not have to participate in the level of training courses.
CCDA-CISCO Certified Design Engineer Q & A:
Q: How do I get CCDA Training and Certification?
A: Participation in training partners from Cisco opened CRLS courses to complete the Cisco Design Specialist (CDS) self-study courses, and through a Sylvan test center management, CDS certification exams. 650-393
Q: I am a little confused, I already have a CDS certificate. So what to do to become a CCDA?
A: When we design a comprehensive certification process to complete this powerful time, was notified that the certification of the name has changed. We have decided to appear in the original certificate-level programs of the "Specialist" replace the word, are "Associate" instead.
Q: I have passed the exam CDS. Now you want to tell me that I need CCDA exam?
A: Those who have passed CDS certification will automatically be converted to CCDA certification.
Q: CCDA is to become a senior agent requested by Cisco do?
Answer: Yes. CCDA is to become a Cisco senior agent for the required three relatively independent training / certification projects.
Q: CCDA certification mean?
A: It is determined by Cisco for all of our partners in terms of the required minimum level of design capability certification; CCDA certified engineers can design a network node 1-500 scale Cisco network system  642-642
Q: I am somewhat confused. I already have a CDS certificate. How do I do to become a CCDP?
A: The CDS (also known as CCDA) exam required to become a CCDP.
CCNP-CISCO Certified Network Expert Q & A:
Q: How do I get CCNP Training and Certification?
A: Cisco training partners to participate in the courses offered by CRLS (or ICRC), ACRC, CLSC, CMTD, CIT, and through a Sylvan test center management examination. Keep in mind that all of these courses are recommended to you to help you prepare through the CCNP certification. But also aspire to become CCIE certified professionals are concerned, you not only need to pass the certification exam required by Sylvan, but also through specialized organizations, the laboratory examinations. Described on the completion of these courses and how to register and other content can be in the "professional certification" (Career Certification) Web site found.
Q: I am somewhat confused. I already have Support Expert professional certification. How do I do to become a CCNP?
A: Support Expert certification is a key for the router device support certification. However, the current emphasis for the Cisco end-strategy, this authentication mode not last forever. For the CCNP, the request must be higher than the "Support Expert" certification. As for the courses and examinations to be completed projects, please see the "Career Certification" Web site content.
Q: I think my ability has reached a required level of CCNP. I must also attend all these training courses?
A: You only have to pass by the Sylvan test center management examinations, for any Cisco professional certification, it does not say must participate in training courses.

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Cisco certification exams related to introduction
Where can participate in re-certification exam?
You can re-certification exams world-wide. Certification details please refer to the site.

Re-certification exam general situation?
Each certificate has a corresponding re-certification exams.
CCNA and CCDA certification exam is the re-examination at this stage version.
CCNP and CCDP certification examination papers taken from the re-stage the level of examination papers.
Specializtion re-certification exam is only at this stage version of the exam. (Network management are two examinations) 642-453

How can I prepare re-certification exam?
Refer to the Certification exam site outline and learn the recommended related programs. We recommend that you learn to provide entry-based and tailor-made E-learning courses.

I have to agree to additional provisions?
Yes. Cisco Career Certifications terms would be up to date. You must agree to accept the updated terms. Certification can be found on the site. 642-642

When will I sign a new terms?
When you sign up for the time. Cisco Career Certifications Tracking System will let you automatically accept the new provisions within the system. Certification landing site, www.cisco.com / go / certifications of Cisco Career Certifications Tracking System to query and update personal information. Select the left entry Tracking System, enter the registration section, type in registration ID and password. You must agree to accept the new terms and, through re-certification exam, your certificate can be updated.

Through the re-certification exam, I am going to have?
You will receive a new certificate and table cards, table cards shall indicate the updated certificate and its expiration date.

If I did not pass re-certification exam, how should I do?
The certificate is valid, you can again take the exam until the adoption.

If I did not pass the exam this time how to do?
Your certificate will be invalid. If you want to once again get the level of certification, you must re-test level-off.

Why is Cisco professional certification will be expired?
Restricted by terms of certification examinations and examination-anchored re-certification, Cisco will be the certificate holder does not meet the relevant standards, and to maintain their own technology and the times.

Why is Cisco before announcing the re-certification system?
Since 1997, the re-implementation of the CCIE certification, re-certification is the Cisco Career Certifications program. Today Associates, Professionals, and Specializations level should be re-certified. Re-certification system that restricts the validity of the certificate and make timely updates to ensure that the certificate and the rapid development of science and technology convergence

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